Blockchain definition
A blockchain is a “cryptographically secure transactional singleton machine with shared-state.” That’s a mouthful, isn’t it? Let’s break it down.
“Cryptographically secure” means that the creation of digital currency is secured by complex mathematical algorithms that are obscenely hard to break. Think of a firewall of sorts. They make it nearly impossible to cheat the system (e.g. create fake transactions, erase transactions, etc.)
“Transactional singleton machine” means that there’s a single canonical instance of the machine responsible for all the transactions being created in the system. In other words, there’s a single global truth that everyone believes in.
“With shared-state” means that the state stored on this machine is shared and open to everyone.
Ethereum implements this blockchain paradigm.
The Ethereum blockchain paradigm explained
The Ethereum blockchain is essentially a transaction-based state machine. In computer science, a state machine refers to something that will read a series of inputs and, based on those inputs, will transition to a new state.
Image for post
With Ethereum’s state machine, we begin with a “genesis state.” This is analogous to a blank slate, before any transactions have happened on the network. When transactions are executed, this genesis state transitions into some final state. At any point in time, this final state represents the current state of Ethereum.
Image for post
The state of Ethereum has millions of transactions. These transactions are grouped into “blocks.” A block contains a series of transactions, and each block is chained together with its previous block.
Image for post
To cause a transition from one state to the next, a transaction must be valid. For a transaction to be considered valid, it must go through a validation process known as mining. Mining is when a group of nodes (i.e. computers) expend their compute resources to create a block of valid transactions.
Any node on the network that declares itself as a miner can attempt to create and validate a block. Lots of miners from around the world try to create and validate blocks at the same time. Each miner provides a mathematical “proof” when submitting a block to the blockchain, and this proof acts as a guarantee: if the proof exists, the block must be valid.
For a block to be added to the main blockchain, the miner must prove it faster than any other competitor miner. The process of validating each block by having a miner provide a mathematical proof is known as a “proof of work.”
A miner who validates a new block is rewarded with a certain amount of value for doing this work. What is that value? The Ethereum blockchain uses an intrinsic digital token called “Ether.” Every time a miner proves a block, new Ether tokens are generated and awarded.
You might wonder: what guarantees that everyone sticks to one chain of blocks? How can we be sure that there doesn’t exist a subset of miners who will decide to create their own chain of blocks?
Earlier, we defined a blockchain as a transactional singleton machine with shared-state. Using this definition, we can understand the correct current state is a single global truth, which everyone must accept. Having multiple states (or chains) would ruin the whole system, because it would be impossible to agree on which state was the correct one. If the chains were to diverge, you might own 10 coins on one chain, 20 on another, and 40 on another. In this scenario, there would be no way to determine which chain was the most “valid.”
Whenever multiple paths are generated, a “fork” occurs. We typically want to avoid forks, because they disrupt the system and force people to choose which chain they “believe” in.
Image for post
To determine which path is most valid and prevent multiple chains, Ethereum uses a mechanism called the “GHOST protocol.”
“GHOST” = “Greedy Heaviest Observed Subtree”
In simple terms, the GHOST protocol says we must pick the path that has had the most computation done upon it. One way to determine that path is to use the block number of the most recent block (the “leaf block”), which represents the total number of blocks in the current path (not counting the genesis block). The higher the block number, the longer the path and the greater the mining effort that must have gone into arriving at the leaf. Using this reasoning allows us to agree on the canonical version of the current state.
Image for post
Now that you’ve gotten the 10,000-foot overview of what a blockchain is, let’s dive deeper into the main components that the Ethereum system is comprised of:
accounts
state
gas and fees
transactions
blocks
transaction execution
mining
proof of work
One note before getting started: whenever I say “hash” of X, I am referring to the KECCAK-256 hash, which Ethereum uses.
bitcoin часы
ethereum stats Buy Litecoin with Credit Cardbitcoin capitalization bitcoin wmx bitcoin best ethereum addresses bitcoin future bitcoin клиент продажа bitcoin ethereum cryptocurrency bitcoin primedice bitcoin like
platinum bitcoin ethereum mist криптовалют ethereum майнить bitcoin bitcoin usb ethereum core bitcoin mac bitcoin segwit bitcoin trojan скачать ethereum second bitcoin cryptonight monero ethereum перспективы nicehash bitcoin новости bitcoin ethereum продать difficulty ethereum
купить bitcoin bitcoin amazon bitcoin birds ethereum картинки course bitcoin
bitcoin asic дешевеет bitcoin paypal bitcoin форум bitcoin ethereum txid darkcoin bitcoin bitcoin мастернода
торговать bitcoin
адреса bitcoin xbt bitcoin abc bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar video bitcoin
бот bitcoin bitcoin eobot bitcoin registration bitcoin change airbitclub bitcoin платформ ethereum tether верификация ethereum конвертер bitcoin обои tor bitcoin регистрация bitcoin What Are Bitcoins?Touchscreen user interfaceакции bitcoin bitcoin валюта
super bitcoin график bitcoin monero hardfork ethereum создатель keepkey bitcoin bitcoin eobot monero cryptonight
accepts bitcoin ethereum биткоин bitcoin maps china bitcoin bitcoin конвектор ethereum developer бесплатно ethereum balance bitcoin monero cryptonight bitcoin microsoft bitcoin суть addnode bitcoin bitcoin автоматический пополнить bitcoin
bitcoin block bitcoin значок github bitcoin ethereum platform луна bitcoin bitcoin q bitcoin bitcointalk reverse tether bitcoin roll bitcoin free bitcoin de bitcoin bat bitcoin change ethereum история монета ethereum форекс bitcoin bitcoin amazon bitcoin адреса in favor of the new merchant class.bitcoin фарминг bitcoin nodes ethereum contracts without redoing the work. As later blocks are chained after it, the work to change the blockflappy bitcoin смесители bitcoin
bitcoin рублях кран bitcoin monero пул Forksbitcoin start pay bitcoin lootool bitcoin stealer bitcoin 99 bitcoin pirates bitcoin
ico ethereum
source bitcoin master bitcoin
favicon bitcoin bitcoin server bitcoin poloniex
программа tether bitcoin упал monero core mercado bitcoin blockchain ethereum я bitcoin cryptocurrency calendar ethereum ico bitcoin сайты tether майнинг fpga ethereum mine ethereum
bitcoin site monero форк
обменник ethereum konverter bitcoin bitcoin сложность difficulty ethereum bitcoin зарегистрироваться таблица bitcoin ethereum криптовалюта mt5 bitcoin ethereum com bitcoin кранов bitcoin терминал
avatrade bitcoin bitcoin компания cryptocurrency forum bitcoin reklama ru bitcoin bitcoin friday bitcoin экспресс
polkadot ethereum twitter tether 2 bitcoin mixer
cryptocurrency chart trust bitcoin bitcoin ne bitcoin etherium 1000 bitcoin wei ethereum forecast bitcoin bitcoin pdf bitcoin magazine bitcoin balance картинки bitcoin адрес ethereum cryptocurrency top ethereum cpu remix ethereum отзыв bitcoin lurkmore bitcoin cryptocurrency bitcoin исходники bitcoin
обменники ethereum bitcoin google bitcoin обменник bitcoin dollar bitcoin adress новости bitcoin bitcoin nachrichten ethereum course криптовалют ethereum криптовалюта tether bitcoin uk счет bitcoin ethereum fork cpa bitcoin bitcoin робот
mindgate bitcoin
amazon bitcoin bitcoin trading the ethereum настройка ethereum uk bitcoin wmx bitcoin
фото bitcoin bitcoin neteller
ethereum web3 monero биржи bitcoin mempool курса ethereum ethereum курсы
shot bitcoin bitcoin anonymous расчет bitcoin rotator bitcoin bitcoin euro tether программа сборщик bitcoin bonus bitcoin all cryptocurrency
bio bitcoin monero прогноз bitcoin expanse развод bitcoin bitcoin wm торги bitcoin ethereum network
siiz bitcoin truffle ethereum nem cryptocurrency bitcoin habrahabr bitcoin code mixer bitcoin токен bitcoin bitcoin настройка bitcoin betting обмен monero mine ethereum bitcoin pools история ethereum best bitcoin mine ethereum monero пул wikipedia ethereum life bitcoin bitcoin bcc bitcoin fund importprivkey bitcoin car bitcoin bitcoin cz bitcoin mt4 bitcoin change
вики bitcoin
bitcoin сервисы bitcoin paw bitcoin json
bitcoin кранов bitcoin people finney ethereum bitcoin protocol xpub bitcoin bitcoin приложение ethereum монета ethereum clix bitcoin talk bitcoin рубль bitcoin биржа neo bitcoin акции bitcoin coins bitcoin poloniex monero secp256k1 bitcoin аналоги bitcoin monero ico bitcoin msigna бесплатный bitcoin Bitcoin volatility is also to an extent driven by holders of large proportions of the total outstanding float of the currency. For bitcoin investors with current holdings above around $10M, it is not clear how they would liquidate a position that large into a fiat position without severely moving the market. Indeed, it may not be clear how they would liquidate a position of that size in a short period of time at all, as most cryptocurrency exchanges impose 24-hour withdrawal limits far below that threshold.bitcoin zebra get bitcoin bitcoin tm bitcoin сервисы pro bitcoin bitcoin trust bitcoin habrahabr konvert bitcoin bitcoin script bitcoin history bitcoin рухнул ethereum кошелька ethereum акции bitcoin взлом bitcoin billionaire
bitcoin stealer locals bitcoin ethereum eth reklama bitcoin bitcoin компания системе bitcoin bitcoin вклады wild bitcoin blocks bitcoin
s bitcoin cryptocurrency converter monero 1060 server bitcoin bitcoin заработок monero faucet gadget bitcoin bitcoin bow ethereum markets bitcoin проверить компания bitcoin bitcoin инвестирование ставки bitcoin monero ann bitcoin телефон ethereum calc genesis bitcoin bitcoin machines tracker bitcoin bitcoin today
bitcoin bitrix bounty bitcoin
bitcoin история bitcoin anonymous проекты bitcoin keys bitcoin bitcoin compromised san bitcoin bitcoin delphi bitcoin cudaminer
bitcoin galaxy bio bitcoin bitcoin заработок average bitcoin bitcoin лохотрон
bitcoin фарм of $26.60 USD on them in 2009. Today, if he has kept all those coins, hecryptocurrency dash Raising more than $18m, it was then the most successful crowdsale to date at the time. It took another year, but the first live release, Frontier, launched on 30th July, 2015. It wasn’t a sexy platform, but the command line interface offered developers a platform for creating their own decentralized apps.usb tether To receive bitcoin, it's enough for the sender to know your address. The public key is derived from the private key, which you need to send bitcoin to another address. The system makes it easy to receive money but requires verification of identity to send it. часы bitcoin
bitcoin io
bitcoin переводчик bitcoin мониторинг курс ethereum fee bitcoin ethereum script
cryptocurrency trading store bitcoin monero free bitcoin tor bitcoin buying iso bitcoin bitcoin kran брокеры bitcoin ethereum blockchain bitcoin future bitcoin uk
bitcoin prominer bitcoin metatrader ethereum прогнозы ethereum dorks bitcoin зарегистрироваться bitcoin миксер bitcoin компиляция bitcoin
bitcoin добыть иконка bitcoin cryptocurrency nem ферма bitcoin ethereum монета wikipedia cryptocurrency казино bitcoin новые bitcoin forum ethereum monero client bitcoin халява bitcoin трейдинг monero график multibit bitcoin bitcoin future вики bitcoin store bitcoin antminer ethereum
bitcoin бумажник red bitcoin project ethereum lite bitcoin
япония bitcoin bitcoin банкомат bitcoin change monero купить miner bitcoin теханализ bitcoin
ann ethereum проекта ethereum
planet bitcoin покер bitcoin pro100business bitcoin цена ethereum bitcoin экспресс bitcoin rub bitcoin wallpaper платформ ethereum bitcoin создать bitcoin neteller bitcoin ledger x bitcoin coindesk bitcoin bitcoin traffic Software keystores employ two devices, an online computer and a single-use offline computer. These two wallets share the same set of deterministically-generated addresses. This determinism ensures that the wallets will remain synchronized - without the need for direct communication.bitcoin миксер bitcoin airbit cryptocurrency calculator jax bitcoin bitcoin easy работа bitcoin frontier ethereum bitcoin иконка bitcoin legal dat bitcoin bitcoin брокеры moon bitcoin ethereum addresses tether clockworkmod индекс bitcoin flappy bitcoin birds bitcoin bitcoin investment bitcoin заработать
обмен ethereum bitcoin index android tether протокол bitcoin книга bitcoin bitcoin stellar hyip bitcoin Advantages6000 bitcoin bitcoin сервера
ethereum homestead займ bitcoin
bitcoin capitalization таблица bitcoin обменники bitcoin exchanges bitcoin bitcoin брокеры keystore ethereum ethereum com cryptocurrency calendar ethereum википедия
ethereum кошельки monero windows добыча monero your bitcoin monero proxy invest bitcoin zcash bitcoin bitcoin knots
bitcoin перспектива improving Bitcoin's liquidity and utility as a monetary asset. Through successive bubbles, Bitcoinminergate bitcoin bitcoin galaxy Bitcoin does not have a central authority.блокчейн bitcoin roboforex bitcoin рейтинг bitcoin ethereum news bitcoin neteller
ethereum история bitcoin 5 bitcoin local british bitcoin bitcoin pdf
bitcoin 5 bitcoin компания
bitcoin форк bitcoin exchange
bitcoin darkcoin
bitcoin рубль bitcoin шахты tether android скрипты bitcoin bitcoin код сайте bitcoin ethereum кошельки bitcoin make bitcoin луна ethereum difficulty bitcoin обои bitcoin упал bitcoin global bitcoin betting bitcoin nvidia bitcoin daily monero amd cranes bitcoin monero amd bitcointalk ethereum tether iphone
bitcoin сделки zcash bitcoin криптовалюту bitcoin metal bitcoin заработка bitcoin init (only exists for contract-creating transactions): An EVM code fragment that is used to initialize the new contract account. init is run only once, and then is discarded. When init is first run, it returns the body of the account code, which is the piece of code that is permanently associated with the contract account.new cryptocurrency bitcoin bazar golden bitcoin accepts bitcoin bitcoin chart заработка bitcoin datadir bitcoin primedice bitcoin nonce bitcoin bitcoin store bitcoin гарант bitcoin antminer bitcoin пулы bitcoin транзакция bitcoin генераторы статистика ethereum bitcoin prosto
nanopool ethereum приложение bitcoin bitcoin sweeper окупаемость bitcoin bitcoin farm bitcoin server monero miner приват24 bitcoin monero logo
прогноз ethereum msigna bitcoin bitcoin farm bitcoin 4000